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Azerbaijan In Iran: A Deep Dive Into A Complex Relationship

Cathryn O'Conner

The relationship between Iran and Azerbaijan is a delicate one, fraught with geopolitical complexities and historical tensions, yet also deeply intertwined by shared cultural and religious heritage. This intricate dynamic, particularly concerning the historical region known as Iranian Azerbaijan, forms a crucial part of understanding the broader geopolitical landscape of the Caucasus and the Middle East. It’s a narrative shaped by ancient empires, modern nation-states, and the lives of millions who straddle this fascinating borderland.

Far from being a simple bilateral affair, the ties between Tehran and Baku are influenced by a myriad of internal and external factors, from the significant Azerbaijani minority within Iran to the strategic interests of global powers. Understanding the nuances of this relationship requires delving into its historical roots, geographical realities, and the contemporary challenges that continually reshape its trajectory. This article aims to explore these multifaceted layers, offering a comprehensive look at the enduring significance of Azerbaijan in Iran.

Table of Contents

Historical Roots and Shared Heritage

To comprehend the current state of affairs, one must first appreciate the deep historical and cultural tapestry that binds Iran and Azerbaijan. The very name "Azerbaijan" itself holds a complex lineage, central to the identity of both the independent Republic of Azerbaijan and the region within Iran. This shared heritage often serves as both a bridge and a point of contention, shaping perceptions and policies on both sides of the 700km border.

The Land of Iranian Azerbaijan

Iranian Azerbaijan, also known as Azarbaijan (ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn), is a historical region situated in northwestern Iran. This strategically vital area shares borders with Iraq and Turkey to the west, and Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the north. Historically, this land was simply known as Azerbaijan. It was only in the 20th century that the newly formed Republic of Azerbaijan appropriated this ancient name, a fact that remains a subtle undercurrent in the broader discourse between the two nations.

Geographically, Iranian Azerbaijan stands out within the broader Iranian landscape. It is notably one of the few regions in Iran that receives sufficient rainfall to support farming without extensive reliance on irrigation. This natural abundance has historically made it a fertile and prosperous area. Its major rivers, such as the Aras in the north with its tributary, the Qareh Sū, and the Qezel Owzan in the east, with its tributaries, the Qarānqū and Aidughmish, have long sustained its agricultural communities and contributed to its economic significance within Iran. This rich land has been a cradle of civilization and a crossroads of cultures for millennia, making the presence of Azerbaijan in Iran not merely a modern political construct but a deeply rooted historical reality.

Cultural and Religious Bonds

Beyond geographical proximity, Iran and Azerbaijan share profound cultural and religious similarities that have been forged over centuries. They share a land border, they follow the same religion – predominantly Shi’ism – and their cultural expressions often echo one another. A testament to this shared heritage is the historical figure of Shah Ismail I of the Iranian Safavid dynasty. Not only was he instrumental in converting Iran and Azerbaijan from Sunnism to Shi’ism, but he also wrote Azerbaijani poetry, underscoring the deep cultural and linguistic intermingling that characterized the region for centuries. This historical conversion laid a foundational religious commonality that persists to this day, even as political tensions ebb and flow.

This shared religious identity is particularly significant given that one of the largest minorities in Iran is Azerbaijani. The presence of such a substantial ethnic group, sharing language and faith with a neighboring state, naturally adds layers of complexity to bilateral relations. The cultural commonalities extend to traditions, cuisine, and even family ties that transcend the modern political border. These bonds are a powerful, albeit sometimes challenging, aspect of the enduring connection between Azerbaijan in Iran and the independent republic.

Geopolitical Tensions and Strategic Interests

Despite the deep historical and cultural ties, the relationship between Iran and Azerbaijan is frequently characterized by significant geopolitical tensions. These strains are often fueled by differing strategic interests, external influences, and occasional diplomatic flare-ups, turning a shared heritage into a delicate balancing act. The presence of Azerbaijan in Iran, and the historical connection, is a constant factor in these intricate geopolitical equations.

Border Dynamics and Diplomatic Incidents

Tensions between Iran and Azerbaijan, which share a 700km border, have been ramping up in recent weeks and months, highlighting the fragility of their diplomatic ties. A particularly stark example of this friction was the disagreement over the attack on the Azeri embassy in Tehran. Published on January 29, 2023, the incident saw Iran and Azerbaijan disagree on whether it constituted a 'terrorist act'. Such incidents underscore the underlying mistrust and the readiness to interpret events through a national security lens, rather than a purely cooperative one.

The extensive shared border, while a point of connection, also becomes a conduit for these tensions. It is a frontier where security concerns, smuggling, and differing regional alignments can quickly escalate into diplomatic spats. The historical context, where Azerbaijan bordered Iran’s northwest and was part of the Persian Empire until the early 19th century, adds another layer of historical grievance and territorial sensitivity to contemporary interactions. This historical backdrop, coupled with modern geopolitical rivalries, ensures that the border remains a sensitive area, constantly monitored by both sides.

The Israeli Factor

One of the most persistent points of contention in Iran-Azerbaijan relations is Azerbaijan’s diplomatic ties with Israel. From Tehran’s perspective, Baku’s close relationship with Israel represents a direct security threat, particularly given their shared border. This concern is not new; as far back as 2006, an opinion piece published by a retired Israel Defense Forces general openly called for coordinating with Azerbaijan on the use of its air bases. Such public discussions naturally stoked Iran’s fears, particularly concerning potential U.S. and Israeli military actions in the region.

The notion of an Israeli presence, however indirect, on its northern border is a major red line for Iran. Azerbaijan, for its part, views its relationship with Israel as a sovereign foreign policy choice, driven by its own national interests, including defense and technology cooperation. This fundamental divergence in strategic outlook regarding Israel continues to be a significant obstacle to warmer relations and is a primary driver of Iranian suspicion towards Baku. The geopolitical chessboard, with Azerbaijan positioned between two major regional powers and maintaining ties with a third, creates a complex and often volatile situation for the presence of Azerbaijan in Iran.

The Azerbaijani Minority in Iran

Perhaps one of the most crucial and often understated aspects of the relationship between the two nations is the presence of a significant Azerbaijani minority within Iran. There are over 12 million ethnic Azeris in Iran, representing the Islamic Republic’s largest minority group. This demographic reality means that the Azerbaijani identity is not merely an external neighbor but an integral part of Iran’s social and political fabric. This internal dimension adds a unique layer to the complexities of Azerbaijan in Iran.

The influence of this minority extends to the highest echelons of Iranian leadership. In fact, both Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and former presidential candidate Masoud Pezeshkian have Azerbaijani roots, highlighting the deep integration of this community into Iranian society. This presence, however, also means that any tensions with the Republic of Azerbaijan can resonate within Iran’s borders, potentially impacting internal stability. Iran’s current protest movement, for instance, has brought Azeri issues even more to the fore, underscoring the community's evolving role and voice within the country.

In November, President Aliyev of Azerbaijan took the unprecedented step of publicly addressing issues related to the Azerbaijani community in Iran, a move that was seen by some as an intervention in Iran's internal affairs. This public acknowledgment from Baku naturally raises questions about the allegiances and rights of Iranian Azeris, and how their identity might be leveraged or affected by the broader geopolitical currents. The welfare and status of the Azerbaijani minority in Iran remain a sensitive and pivotal factor in shaping the future trajectory of Tehran-Baku relations, demanding careful diplomacy and understanding from both sides.

Economic and Environmental Aspects

Beyond the geopolitical and cultural dimensions, the relationship between Iran and Azerbaijan is also shaped by economic realities and shared environmental concerns. The unique geographical features of Iranian Azerbaijan, as previously noted, make it a vital agricultural region within Iran, contributing significantly to the country's food security due to its ample rainfall. This agricultural potential, sustained by rivers like the Aras and Qezel Owzan, highlights an area of mutual interest and potential cooperation, especially concerning water management and resource sharing across the border.

While the provided data does not delve into specific trade volumes or joint economic projects, the existence of a shared land border and cultural ties naturally facilitates cross-border commerce and informal trade. However, political tensions can easily disrupt these economic arteries. For instance, border closures or heightened security measures can impede the flow of goods and people, affecting livelihoods on both sides. The economic health of the regions bordering Azerbaijan in Iran is intrinsically linked to the stability of the bilateral relationship. Furthermore, shared environmental challenges, such as managing river basins or addressing climate change impacts, could theoretically serve as platforms for cooperation, though political will is often a prerequisite for such initiatives to flourish.

Recent Developments and Shifting Sands

The relationship between Iran and Azerbaijan is not static; it is a dynamic landscape continually reshaped by internal political shifts and external pressures. While periods of heightened tension are common, there have also been instances of improved relations, demonstrating the potential for constructive engagement. For example, relations between Iran and Azerbaijan improved somewhat since the accession of Hassan Rouhani to the Iranian presidency. This suggests that the leadership in power in Tehran can significantly influence the tone and direction of bilateral ties, hinting at the possibility of diplomatic resets.

However, recent events, such as the aforementioned embassy attack in Tehran in January 2023, underscore the fragility of these improvements. The rapid escalation of tensions and the public disagreement over the nature of the incident highlight how quickly the atmosphere can sour. Furthermore, the ongoing geopolitical shifts in the wider region, including the Karabakh conflict and the increasing assertiveness of various regional players, constantly test the resilience of the Iran-Azerbaijan relationship. The way both countries navigate these complex currents will determine whether they lean towards cooperation or confrontation, directly impacting the stability of the region and the status of Azerbaijan in Iran.

Humanitarian Corridors and Regional Stability

Amidst the geopolitical complexities, there are instances where humanitarian concerns transcend political differences, demonstrating a practical, albeit sometimes strained, cooperation. A notable example is the establishment of a humanitarian corridor from Iran into Azerbaijan during times of crisis. According to an Azerbaijani source with knowledge of the situation, more than 600 people of 17 nationalities fled into Azerbaijan from Iran in the five days since the start of an air war between Israel and Iran. This significant movement of people highlights Azerbaijan's role as a transit point in times of regional instability.

Azernews reports that the evacuation of foreign citizens from the Islamic Republic of Iran via Azerbaijan’s territory is ongoing, and that this humanitarian corridor has been operating efficiently for the past five days, with the process running smoothly and at a high level of coordination. This demonstrates a functional aspect of the relationship, where despite political disagreements, a practical mechanism for humanitarian aid and evacuation can be put into place. Such instances, while often born out of necessity, provide a glimpse into potential areas of cooperation that prioritize human safety over political rivalry. They underscore the importance of maintaining channels of communication and practical arrangements, even when broader diplomatic relations are strained, showcasing a pragmatic side to the complex dynamics of Azerbaijan in Iran.

It is also worth noting the broader international context, such as the role of third-party nations in facilitating diplomatic relations. In the absence of diplomatic or consular relations between the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Swiss government, acting through its embassy in Tehran, has served as the protecting power of the USA in Iran since May 21, 1980. While not directly about Azerbaijan, this illustrates the intricate web of international diplomacy that often underpins regional stability and provides a framework for humanitarian operations when direct bilateral ties are insufficient.

Voices from Iranian Azerbaijan

The narrative of Azerbaijan in Iran is not solely defined by state-to-state relations or geopolitical maneuvers; it is also profoundly shaped by the voices and perspectives of the Azerbaijani people living within Iran. This community, as the largest minority group, holds a unique position, often navigating their dual identities and expressing their views on regional and international matters. Their perspectives are crucial for a holistic understanding of the situation.

For instance, a group of Iranian Azerbaijani feminists issued a statement regarding the Karabakh conflict, demanding the implementation of UN resolutions and an end to the occupation to ensure peace. This highlights their engagement with issues beyond Iran's borders, demonstrating solidarity with their ethnic kin in the Republic of Azerbaijan while advocating for international law and peace. Similarly, 100 Azerbaijani cinematographers living in Iran issued a statement of support for the Azerbaijani incorporation of Karabakh. These statements underscore the strong sense of ethnic identity and cross-border affinity that exists among Iranian Azeris, particularly concerning issues perceived as central to the broader Azerbaijani nation.

These expressions of solidarity, while natural for an ethnic minority with strong ties to a neighboring country, can sometimes be viewed with suspicion by the central Iranian government, especially during periods of heightened tension with Baku. The challenge for Iran is to manage these expressions of identity in a way that respects minority rights while maintaining national cohesion. For the Republic of Azerbaijan, these voices offer a powerful connection to their historical homeland and a potential source of leverage in their diplomatic engagements. The sentiments of the Azerbaijani population within Iran are therefore a vital, living component of the complex and evolving relationship between Azerbaijan in Iran and the independent state.

The future of the relationship between Iran and Azerbaijan, and by extension, the status and role of Azerbaijan in Iran, remains a subject of ongoing speculation and strategic maneuvering. The historical ties, shared culture, and religious commonalities provide a foundation for potential cooperation, yet the persistent geopolitical tensions, particularly concerning Azerbaijan's ties with Israel and regional power dynamics, continue to create significant friction. The challenge for both nations lies in finding a modus vivendi that respects mutual sovereignty while leveraging their shared heritage for regional stability and prosperity.

The presence of over 12 million ethnic Azeris in Iran is a demographic reality that cannot be overlooked. Their integration into Iranian society, coupled with their strong cultural and linguistic ties to the Republic of Azerbaijan, means that their welfare and identity will continue to be a significant factor in bilateral relations. Any perceived grievances or external influences on this community can quickly become a point of contention, requiring careful diplomacy and a nuanced understanding from both Tehran and Baku.

Moving forward, both Iran and Azerbaijan will need to prioritize dialogue and de-escalation mechanisms to prevent incidents from spiraling into broader conflicts. While relations have seen periods of improvement, such as during Hassan Rouhani's presidency, the underlying structural tensions remain. The humanitarian corridors established during recent crises offer a glimpse of pragmatic cooperation, suggesting that shared challenges can sometimes foster a temporary common ground. Ultimately, the trajectory of Azerbaijan in Iran, and the broader relationship, will depend on the willingness of both governments to manage their differences constructively, acknowledge their shared history, and navigate the complex regional landscape with foresight and strategic patience.

Conclusion

The relationship between Iran and Azerbaijan is a rich tapestry woven from centuries of shared history, culture, and religion, yet simultaneously pulled taut by modern geopolitical rivalries and strategic divergences. The historical region of Iranian Azerbaijan, with its fertile lands and significant Azerbaijani population, stands as a living testament to this profound interconnection. From the ancient Safavid conversions that forged common religious bonds to contemporary diplomatic spats over embassy attacks and external alliances, the ties between Tehran and Baku are constantly evolving.

Understanding the dynamics of Azerbaijan in Iran requires appreciating the intricate balance between shared heritage and conflicting interests, the internal significance of the Azeri minority within Iran, and the external pressures from global and regional powers. While tensions frequently flare, moments of practical cooperation, such as humanitarian corridors, hint at the potential for a more stable future. Navigating this complex relationship will demand continued diplomatic engagement, a recognition of shared historical and cultural bonds, and a commitment to de-escalation. As readers, we are invited to consider the profound implications of this delicate balance on regional stability and the lives of millions. What aspects of the Iran-Azerbaijan relationship do you find most compelling, and what do you believe is the key to fostering greater understanding between these two intertwined nations? Share your thoughts in the comments below, and explore more articles on regional geopolitics on our site.

Map of West Azerbaijan. Iran. | Stock image | Colourbox

Map of West Azerbaijan. Iran. | Stock image | Colourbox

Azerbaijan Iran Archives - The National Interest

Azerbaijan Iran Archives - The National Interest

7,297 Azerbaijan (iran) Images, Stock Photos & Vectors | Shutterstock

7,297 Azerbaijan (iran) Images, Stock Photos & Vectors | Shutterstock

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