Iran's 2024 Election: A New Era After Raisi's Death

Timmy Blanda 18 Jun 2025

The political landscape of Iran underwent a sudden and significant shift in 2024, thrusting the nation into an early presidential election. This unexpected electoral event, triggered by a tragic helicopter crash that claimed the life of incumbent President Ebrahim Raisi, set the stage for a critical moment in the Islamic Republic's history. The 2024 Iran Presidential Election was not merely a routine democratic exercise; it became a pivotal contest that would shape the country's domestic policies and international relations for the foreseeable future.

The sudden vacancy at the highest executive office necessitated a swift response, leading to an expedited electoral process. What unfolded was a multi-stage contest, culminating in a runoff that captured the attention of both Iranian citizens and international observers. This article delves into the intricacies of the 2024 Iran Presidential Election, exploring its origins, the key players, the electoral dynamics, and the far-reaching implications of its outcome.

The Unexpected Election: A Nation in Transition
- The Tragic Catalyst: President Raisi's Demise
- Setting the Stage: The Snap Election Timeline
The Electoral Landscape: Candidates and Contenders
- The Vetting Process: Guardians of the Revolution's Gatekeepers
First Round Dynamics: A Divided Vote
The Runoff: A Decisive Battle
Masoud Pezeshkian: The Reformist Victor
Voter Turnout and Invalid Ballots: A Closer Look
Implications and the Road Ahead for Iran
Global Repercussions and Future Outlook

The Unexpected Election: A Nation in Transition

The 2024 Iran Presidential Election was anything but typical. It was an election born out of tragedy, forcing a nation to quickly choose a new leader amidst a period of mourning and uncertainty. The suddenness of the event added an extra layer of complexity to an already intricate political system.

The Tragic Catalyst: President Raisi's Demise

The catalyst for the early election was the untimely death of President Ebrahim Raisi. On May 19, 2024, President Raisi, along with Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian and several other officials, perished in a helicopter crash. This unforeseen event sent shockwaves through Iran and the international community. Raisi, a hardline conservative, had been in office since 2021, and his presidency was marked by a firm stance on domestic and foreign policy. His sudden demise created a power vacuum that necessitated immediate action to ensure the continuity of governance.

The death of a sitting president is a rare occurrence in any nation, and in Iran, it triggered specific constitutional protocols. The First Vice President, Mohammad Mokhber, temporarily assumed the duties of the presidency, with the responsibility of organizing new elections within 50 days. This swift timeline underscored the urgency and importance of restoring a democratically elected leader to the nation's highest office.

Setting the Stage: The Snap Election Timeline

Following President Raisi's death, the electoral machinery quickly sprang into action. The decision was made to hold early presidential elections in Iran on June 28, 2024, a significant acceleration from the originally scheduled 2025 date. This rapid turnaround meant that candidates had limited time to campaign, and voters had less time to deliberate their choices. The compressed timeline also put immense pressure on the election authorities to manage the logistical complexities of a nationwide vote.

The initial polling day was set for June 28, with the possibility of a second round if no candidate secured an outright majority. As it turned out, a runoff was indeed necessary, pushing the final decision to July 5, 2024. This two-stage process highlighted the competitive nature of the race, despite the constrained political environment. The snap election was not just about finding a successor; it was also a test of the resilience and adaptability of Iran's political system in the face of unforeseen circumstances.

The Electoral Landscape: Candidates and Contenders

The 2024 Iran Presidential Election saw a diverse, albeit carefully curated, field of candidates vying for the nation's top executive position. The selection process for these candidates is unique to Iran's political system, involving a powerful oversight body that plays a crucial role in shaping the electoral choices available to the public.

The Vetting Process: Guardians of the Revolution's Gatekeepers

A distinctive feature of Iran's presidential elections is the vetting process conducted by the Council of Guardians. This deliberative body, composed of six clerics appointed by the Supreme Leader and six jurists nominated by the judiciary and approved by parliament, holds immense power. Its primary role is to supervise elections and ensure that candidates and laws align with the ideals of the Islamic Republic. In practice, this often means ensuring that candidates are loyal to the Supreme Leader and his vision.

The Council of Guardians' vetting process has historically been a point of contention, particularly for reformist and centrist factions. For instance, in the 2021 presidential election, only conservative candidates were approved, effectively making Ebrahim Raisi, whom Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei favored, the only viable candidate. This restrictive approach has frequently led to a narrow field of contenders, often excluding prominent reformist or moderate figures who might otherwise garner significant public support. The lack of reformist and centrist candidates in both parliamentary and presidential elections has been cited as a major factor contributing to record low voter turnout in the 2020s.

For the 2024 Iran Presidential Election, the Council of Guardians approved four main candidates to contest the first round: Masoud Pezeshkian, Saeed Jalili, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, and Mostafa Pourmohammadi. This selection, while still leaning conservative, did include a prominent reformist voice in Masoud Pezeshkian, which was a notable departure from the 2021 election and sparked renewed interest among a segment of the electorate.

First Round Dynamics: A Divided Vote

The first round of the 2024 Iran Presidential Election was held on June 28, 2024. Voters across the country cast their ballots, holding pictures of the late President Ebrahim Raisi in some polling stations, a poignant reminder of the election's origins. The initial results indicated a fragmented vote, with no single candidate securing the outright majority (more than 50%) needed to win in the first round. This outcome necessitated a runoff election, a common occurrence in multi-candidate races.

The Numbers Speak: Pezeshkian, Jalili, and Others

The four candidates contested the first round, and the vote distribution was as follows:

Masoud Pezeshkian: Won 44% of the vote. As the reformist candidate, his strong showing was a significant development, signaling a potential shift in voter sentiment or at least a desire for change among a substantial portion of the electorate.
Saeed Jalili: Secured 40% of the vote. A hardline conservative, Jalili represented the principlist faction, emphasizing continuity with the policies of the previous administration and a more confrontational stance on international issues.
Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf: Garnered 14% of the vote. Ghalibaf, the Speaker of Parliament and a former mayor of Tehran, is considered a pragmatic conservative. His relatively lower vote share suggested that the conservative vote was split between him and Jalili.
Mostafa Pourmohammadi: Won less than 1% of the vote. Pourmohammadi, also a conservative, failed to gain significant traction, indicating that the primary battle was between Pezeshkian and Jalili.

The close margin between Pezeshkian and Jalili, along with Ghalibaf's respectable but insufficient showing, set the stage for an intense second round. The fact that a reformist candidate led the first round was a crucial takeaway from Iran's presidential election updates, as it defied expectations for some who anticipated a guaranteed hardline victory given the vetting process.

Beyond the candidate votes, an important aspect of the first round was the number of invalid votes. A comparison of the total votes for the four candidates with the counted ballots showed that the number of invalid votes in the first round of Iran's 14th presidential election was 1,056,159. At about five percent, the number of invalid votes was low compared to the previous round of presidential election when late president Ebrahim Raisi came first. While still a significant number, this lower percentage compared to previous elections might indicate a more engaged electorate or clearer choices, although the overall voter turnout remained a concern for many observers.

The Runoff: A Decisive Battle

With no candidate achieving an absolute majority in the first round, the 2024 Iran Presidential Election headed to a second round. This runoff election, held on July 5, 2024, pitted the top two vote-getters against each other: reformist Masoud Pezeshkian and hardline conservative Saeed Jalili. The stakes were incredibly high, as the outcome would determine the direction of Iran's domestic and foreign policies for the next four years.

The runoff campaign was characterized by a sharper contrast between the two remaining candidates. Pezeshkian, representing the reformist camp, advocated for greater social freedoms, economic reforms, and a more conciliatory approach to international relations, particularly concerning the nuclear deal. Jalili, on the other hand, championed a continuation of the principlist ideology, emphasizing resistance against Western pressures, self-reliance, and a more robust adherence to revolutionary principles. The election was extended as people cast ballots to elect a successor to the late President Ebrahim Raisi, highlighting the public's engagement in this crucial decision.

The runoff provided voters with a clearer choice between two distinct political paths. It also allowed for a more focused debate on key issues, as the field was narrowed from four to two. The ultimate decision on July 5, 2024, would not just be about a personality but about the ideological trajectory of the Islamic Republic. The result would have significant implications for various aspects of Iranian life, from economic stability to social policies and the country's standing on the global stage.

Masoud Pezeshkian: The Reformist Victor

The second round of the 2024 Iran Presidential Election concluded with a decisive victory for reformist candidate Masoud Pezeshkian. The Iranian state news agency Press TV reported Saturday, citing the country's election headquarters, that Pezeshkian had won Iran’s presidential election, beating his hardline conservative rival Saeed Jalili. This outcome marked a significant moment, as it brought a reformist back to the presidency after years of conservative dominance, especially after Raisi's 2021 victory which saw a limited field of candidates.

Dr. Pezeshkian secured a commanding 53.3% of the vote in the second round, a clear majority that left no doubt about his mandate. Specifically, he won the second round with 54.76% of the vote, beating the conservative principlist Saeed Jalili. This victory was not just a personal triumph for Pezeshkian but also a symbol of renewed hope for those who advocate for reform and moderation within Iran's political system. His win suggests that despite the rigorous vetting process and the prevailing conservative establishment, there remains a strong appetite for change among the Iranian populace.

Pezeshkian's background as a former health minister and a long-serving member of parliament, coupled with his reformist leanings, resonated with a significant portion of the electorate. His campaign focused on addressing economic hardships, promoting social justice, and improving Iran's international standing. His victory could potentially lead to a shift in domestic policies, possibly including greater openness and a focus on improving the livelihoods of ordinary Iranians. Internationally, his presidency might signal a more pragmatic and less confrontational approach, particularly in diplomatic engagements.

Voter Turnout and Invalid Ballots: A Closer Look

While the focus of the 2024 Iran Presidential Election naturally falls on the winning candidate, an equally important aspect for understanding the democratic health of the nation is voter turnout and the prevalence of invalid ballots. These metrics often provide insights into public engagement, satisfaction with the political system, and potential forms of protest.

The issue of voter turnout has been a recurring concern in Iran, particularly in the 2020s. The lack of reformist and centrist candidates in both parliamentary and presidential elections has resulted in record low voter turnout in recent years. This phenomenon is often interpreted as a sign of public disillusionment with a system perceived as offering limited genuine choices. When the Council of Guardians severely restricts the pool of candidates, many potential voters feel their participation would not genuinely influence the outcome, leading to apathy or intentional abstention.

However, in the first round of the 2024 Iran Presidential Election, while overall turnout figures were still a point of discussion, the number of invalid votes showed a particular trend. As mentioned, the number of invalid votes was 1,056,159, representing about five percent of the total ballots. This figure, while substantial, was noted to be low compared to the previous presidential election in 2021, when late President Ebrahim Raisi came first. In some previous elections, invalid votes have been a significant form of protest, where voters cast blank or spoiled ballots to express dissatisfaction with all available candidates without completely boycotting the election.

The lower percentage of invalid votes in the 2024 election, especially in the first round, could be interpreted in several ways. It might suggest that the inclusion of a prominent reformist candidate like Masoud Pezeshkian provided a more appealing option for voters who might otherwise have cast an invalid ballot. It could also indicate a greater sense of urgency and importance attached to this snap election following Raisi's death, prompting more focused voting. Nevertheless, understanding the full scope of voter participation and the reasons behind choices (or non-choices) requires deeper sociological and political analysis, but the data from the 2024 Iran Presidential Election offers valuable insights into these dynamics.

Implications and the Road Ahead for Iran

The election of Masoud Pezeshkian as Iran's new president has significant implications for the country's domestic and foreign policies. His reformist stance, in contrast to the hardline approach of his predecessor, suggests a potential shift in governance. Domestically, Pezeshkian is expected to prioritize economic revitalization, addressing issues such as inflation, unemployment, and the impact of international sanctions. His background as a medical doctor and his focus on social justice during his campaign indicate a likely emphasis on improving public welfare and healthcare services.

Furthermore, a reformist president might signal a period of greater social openness, although the ultimate authority on such matters still rests with the Supreme Leader and other unelected bodies. Pezeshkian's challenge will be to navigate the complex power structures within Iran, balancing the demands of his reformist base with the expectations of the conservative establishment. His ability to implement significant changes will depend heavily on the degree of support he receives from the Supreme Leader and the cooperation he can forge with a predominantly conservative parliament and judiciary.

The outcome of the 2024 Iran Presidential Election also has crucial ramifications for Iran's regional and international relations. Pezeshkian's victory could potentially pave the way for a more diplomatic and less confrontational foreign policy. This might include a renewed willingness to engage in negotiations regarding Iran's nuclear program and a more constructive approach to regional conflicts. However, it is important to remember that Iran's foreign policy is ultimately dictated by the Supreme Leader, not solely by the president. Nevertheless, a president with a more moderate disposition can influence the tone and tactics of diplomatic engagements, potentially opening doors that were previously closed.

Global Repercussions and Future Outlook

The world watches the 2024 Iran Presidential Election with keen interest, as Iran's geopolitical significance cannot be overstated. A shift in its leadership can have ripple effects across the Middle East and beyond. For Western powers, particularly the United States and European nations, Pezeshkian's presidency might be seen as an opportunity to re-engage with Tehran on various fronts, including the stalled nuclear deal (JCPOA). A more moderate Iranian leadership could potentially de-escalate regional tensions and foster a more stable environment in a volatile part of the world.

However, skepticism remains. The fundamental structure of the Islamic Republic, with the Supreme Leader holding ultimate authority, means that even a reformist president operates within defined boundaries. Significant changes in Iran's core policies, especially those related to its nuclear program, regional influence, and stance towards Israel, are unlikely to occur without the explicit approval of the Supreme Leader. Therefore, while Pezeshkian's election offers a glimmer of hope for some, it is viewed by others as a change in style rather than substance.

Looking ahead, the next four years under President Pezeshkian will be a test of his ability to deliver on his promises amidst internal political constraints and external pressures. The 2024 Iran Presidential Election has certainly provided four key takeaways: the impact of Raisi's death, the enduring power of the vetting process, the persistent divide in voter preferences, and the potential for a reformist resurgence, however limited. The path forward for Iran is complex, but with a new president at the helm, the nation stands at a critical juncture, navigating its future in a rapidly changing world.

The legacy of the 2024 Iran Presidential Election will be determined by how effectively Pezeshkian can address the myriad challenges facing Iran, from economic stagnation to social discontent, while also managing the country's intricate relationship with the global community. Only time will tell if this election marks a genuine turning point or merely a temporary shift in the ongoing political narrative of the Islamic Republic.

The 2024 Iran Presidential Election, born out of tragedy, has concluded with a surprising outcome, signaling a potential new chapter for the nation. From the unexpected passing of President Raisi to the reformist victory of Masoud Pezeshkian, this election has underscored the complex dynamics of Iranian politics. The rigorous vetting process by the Council of Guardians, the fragmented first-round vote, and the decisive runoff all contributed to a compelling narrative. Pezeshkian's win, securing over 53% of the vote, offers a glimmer of hope for those seeking domestic reforms and a more moderate international stance, even as the ultimate power remains with the Supreme Leader. The relatively low number of invalid votes compared to previous elections might suggest a more engaged electorate, perhaps spurred by the availability of a reformist option.

As Iran embarks on this new presidential term, the world will be watching closely to see how President Pezeshkian navigates the intricate balance between reformist aspirations and the entrenched conservative establishment. His success will be measured by his ability to address the nation's pressing economic and social challenges, and to potentially steer Iran towards a more constructive engagement with the international community. This election serves as a crucial reminder of the unpredictable nature of politics and the enduring aspirations for change within the Islamic Republic. We encourage you to share your thoughts on the implications of this election in the comments below, or explore our other articles on Middle Eastern politics for more in-depth analysis.

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Iran's 2024 Election: A New Era After Raisi's Death

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